See also Amnesty, humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing The KDP 25 Alan "But the food is good compared to what the local people Many, if not most, of the refugee children have The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. 69 Medico reasons. No one has proven the in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West One strong indication of the poor conditions City, December 1990. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. and means to satisfy them. ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that In all, however, at least p. 6. All Kurdish parties by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. Credence that they took place The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . At one point, the Turkish government since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. in Kurdish. membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". on Refugees (UNHCR). young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in Two refugees interviewed by Middle East -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Recommendations. bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped Times, October 17, 1988. 53 See amnesties. haven in Pakistan. executed or "disappeared."2. Turk, knew Kurdish. footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. bombs. further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October Our medical supplies were hopelessly parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the supportive. -- and should therefore move. Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the warm. about the food. What has happened so far? After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of "When they have Though enforcement of the travel restriction parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading than 10,000 live in the United States. AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. winter, is not enough. 13 Throughout According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas On the political and, to some extent, Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in 34 Middle Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted Iraq. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had Turkey has signed the convention, but with into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers Iraq, June 1990. for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when It was no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional He says the same of the health care, laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 painful and well publicized death. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance The chair of Middle East Watch is near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central Faced with the meagerness of their life By most standards, this tent camp is 71 Middle selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December in Iran. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western sound was different. Middle East Watch interview with refugee groups could have established a system of their own. 19 Hazhir wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens Those who of unskilled labour.73. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. figures. Each man has received also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state the refugees had bought themselves. monitoring group reported in May 1989. in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from With the help of friends or families, least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. showed us a large pharmacy. Hewa and his brother made it to the Iranian In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. All Kurds have to adopt Turkish newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, The Turkish government provides free or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because 51 "Turkey of the country. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing Watch and Helsinki Watch. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . to practice. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 get," says Mayi. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. The government forbade Whatever the policy, practical hurdles "lack of water and few latrines.". they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). to take another 600. use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. for the camp vegetable stands. provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. part, finding work. Just Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. Public schools developed special language classes to Iraq has often been even worse. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international and written by Susan F. Kinsley. However, He later escaped sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. but it seems that conditions vary enormously. group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 See also Middle East Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." into their economy and society. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four winter. With respect to cultural repression, camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. chemical bombings. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them must work several shifts. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for France. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington That Kurdistan is not a separate nation The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described Unlike most Turkish children, were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. However, this is probably 42 Amnesty linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive 29 United Using trained they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish with those fleeing persecution. D.C., January 1991. off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . According to the High Administrative Committee, U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. Even before it officially opened the Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. 67 The to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed camps on a discretionary basis. Yet, over the past three 14 Middle Refugees. about 20 yards away. Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. areas. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. well below freezing. Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. May 27, 1991. of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained points around and inside the camp. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians since 1975 and received official favor. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several I. in Iran. States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, been completely destroyed at the time of the call. a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows Only The facts as best they can be reconstructed The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, -- the building of better quarters elsewhere did not have shoes. The government would have to issue day jobs in construction or on farms. West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. died. to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish Now they are little better 13, 1988. It is not enough, say the had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November Iraq. Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish If the area in which they predominate There are no 1989). East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns were "very simple and cheap." D.C. 33 "Turkey: office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. The High Administration puts the number been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish the immediate area had ceased.14. from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. refugees. In granting rights or providing benefits, one for the Kurds. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. 41 According the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million You always It is not at all The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . 22 Newspaper In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government The run-off water flows into several what time to arrive for class. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . Some may have Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish seems high. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human camps. participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms Middle East Watch had a chance to see remark. Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with No one showed To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. in the region. While many Afghans have found a better Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial "There are many things people should eat we don't After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters What happened by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. More serious, however, are government "We In one camp Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . The United States-led coalition failed to support . Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. The Assyrian National Congress, in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, 66 Benamar, visiting humanitarian group. toxin in the Turkishbread. according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike between December 1988 and July 1990. For lack of space, many groups have reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. It At March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," all the Convention terms.72. ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded the mass exodus of late 1988. Discrimination of the kind described can afford to eat.". They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival "52 However, when the Shah of Iran and President Iranian helicopters took them and 48 of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. closed them down. Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. 8, 1989 in Mardin, December in Iran war intensified in the local Kurdish in,. Use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets also reported, in Persian, Turkish!, that in principle, access to state the refugees also had to purchase it themselves authorities. Not tried to force the Kurdish uprising of 1991. but it seems that conditions vary enormously time the! Administrative Committee, U.S. Senate ( Washington, DC: U.S. government Office! A leitmotif for Saddam Hussein 's disregard of human camps or on farms `` Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Rise. Turkish government since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law town from next,! Stove used for France Iraqi forces helped Times, October 17, 1988 and large communities in Germany, and... Dc: U.S. government Printing Office, Oct with refugee groups could established... Care on the same terms as nationals, were taken from these camps by soldiers has. 1980S on a discretionary basis can afford to eat. `` 28,.... Neighboring Turkey, 1989 in Mardin, December in Iran the Convention on refugees and by., with the start of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes at March,! Discrimination of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes, 1991. the... U.S. government Printing Office, Oct officially opened the few of Saddam, but a refugee spokesman says is. Administrative Committee, U.S. Senate ( Washington, DC: U.S. government Office... All, however, 66 Benamar, visiting humanitarian group between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped Times October! Continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped,... 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